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HISTORY
Epidural analgesia was first used in dogs for testing in 1885 (Corning, 1885). Some years later, Bier (1899) described the technique of epidural anesthesia in dogs and on himself, and only in 1935 Brook instructions to study it in different domestic species.
Towards the end of the 50s began to be applied in clinical epidural analgesia in dogs and a little later also in the cat.
More recently the technique has found a renewed interest, with particular attention to the use, in the epidural, new mixtures of local anesthetics and opioid drugs.
Retrieve anatomical
The meninges are the membranes that surround and protect the spinal cord and brain. They consist of three membranes: the dura mater, the arachnoid and the pia mater.
The dura mater is sometimes also called pachymeningitis, because of its fibrous nature and strong, while the arachnoid and pia mater, in combination, are called leptomeninges, for the most subtle.
in the spinal cord, the dura is separated from the periosteum of the spinal epidural cavity, filled with semi-fluid grease (to the physiological body temperature) and the vertebral venous sinuses.
The spinal dura mater at the level of foramen magnum, it continues in the meningeal layer of the intracranial dura mater.
The spinal dura mater is a long sleeve that surrounds the spinal cord. It has tubular extensions, placed laterally, which cover the spinal nerve roots, accompanying them through the intervertebral foramina. At the point where the dorsal root and come together to form the ventral nerve cord, the dura mater merges into a single sleeve which continues as epinevrio spinal nerve.
capillary space between the dura and arachnoid is the subdural space, containing a small amount of liquid.
Caudally, dura mater of spinal cord narrows to form a part of the filum terminale. The dura surrounding the filum terminale of the pia mater, with which it is based and, extending caudally, takes attack to the periosteum of the vertebral canal at the level of 7-8th coccygeal vertebra. It has the function of anchoring the dural sac and spinal cord caudally.
The spinal arachnoid is a thin transparent tube enclosing the spinal cord and that, similarly to the dura mater, has extensions that surround the dorsal and ventral nerve roots.
The cavity is represented by the subarachnoid space between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which pushes the arachnoid peripherally, keeping it immobilized to the overlying dura mater. The tank
lumbar subarachnoid cavity encloses the spinal nerves of the cauda equina. The tank is reduced to the level of the lumbosacral foramen and ends, gradually narrowing at the level of first sacral vertebra.
The spinal pia mater is a highly vascular membrane which adheres closely to the spinal cord and nerve roots that are detached from it, forming part of the epineurial covering.
phenomena that lead to paralysis of the spinal nerves are more complex than in peripheral nerves. This is due to the heterogeneity of the fibers forming the spinal nerve. The sensory pathways are inhibited more rapidly than the motor pathways and sympathetic fibers are more susceptible. The spinal nerves arise from the union of two roots: a dorsal sensory and ventral motor. In dogs and cats in the foramina is the union, except in the lumbar region, sacrum and coccyx, which occurs inside the spinal canal.
Continue "Part II"
Towards the end of the 50s began to be applied in clinical epidural analgesia in dogs and a little later also in the cat.
More recently the technique has found a renewed interest, with particular attention to the use, in the epidural, new mixtures of local anesthetics and opioid drugs.
Retrieve anatomical
The meninges are the membranes that surround and protect the spinal cord and brain. They consist of three membranes: the dura mater, the arachnoid and the pia mater.
The dura mater is sometimes also called pachymeningitis, because of its fibrous nature and strong, while the arachnoid and pia mater, in combination, are called leptomeninges, for the most subtle.
in the spinal cord, the dura is separated from the periosteum of the spinal epidural cavity, filled with semi-fluid grease (to the physiological body temperature) and the vertebral venous sinuses.
The spinal dura mater at the level of foramen magnum, it continues in the meningeal layer of the intracranial dura mater.
The spinal dura mater is a long sleeve that surrounds the spinal cord. It has tubular extensions, placed laterally, which cover the spinal nerve roots, accompanying them through the intervertebral foramina. At the point where the dorsal root and come together to form the ventral nerve cord, the dura mater merges into a single sleeve which continues as epinevrio spinal nerve.
capillary space between the dura and arachnoid is the subdural space, containing a small amount of liquid.
Caudally, dura mater of spinal cord narrows to form a part of the filum terminale. The dura surrounding the filum terminale of the pia mater, with which it is based and, extending caudally, takes attack to the periosteum of the vertebral canal at the level of 7-8th coccygeal vertebra. It has the function of anchoring the dural sac and spinal cord caudally.
The spinal arachnoid is a thin transparent tube enclosing the spinal cord and that, similarly to the dura mater, has extensions that surround the dorsal and ventral nerve roots.
The cavity is represented by the subarachnoid space between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which pushes the arachnoid peripherally, keeping it immobilized to the overlying dura mater. The tank
lumbar subarachnoid cavity encloses the spinal nerves of the cauda equina. The tank is reduced to the level of the lumbosacral foramen and ends, gradually narrowing at the level of first sacral vertebra.
The spinal pia mater is a highly vascular membrane which adheres closely to the spinal cord and nerve roots that are detached from it, forming part of the epineurial covering.
phenomena that lead to paralysis of the spinal nerves are more complex than in peripheral nerves. This is due to the heterogeneity of the fibers forming the spinal nerve. The sensory pathways are inhibited more rapidly than the motor pathways and sympathetic fibers are more susceptible. The spinal nerves arise from the union of two roots: a dorsal sensory and ventral motor. In dogs and cats in the foramina is the union, except in the lumbar region, sacrum and coccyx, which occurs inside the spinal canal.
Continue "Part II"
Epidural anesthesia in a Siamese cat with hip fracture. (Lidocaine - Morphine) 
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